Examination of eyeball as an entire

i. Position.

Normally, the 2 eyeballs are symmetrically placed within the orbits in such how that a line joining the central points of superior and inferior orbital margins just touches the cornea.

Abnormalities of the position of eyeball can be:

(a) Proptosis/exophthalmos i.e., bulging of eyeballs; note whether proptosis is:

_ axial or eccentric

_ reducible or non-reducible

_ pulsatile or non-pulsatile

(b) Enophthalmos (sunken eyeball)

ii. Visual axes of eyeballs.

Normally the visual axes of the 2 eyes are simultaneously directed at an equivalent object which is maintained altogether the directions of gaze.

Deviation within the visual axis of 1 eye is named squint (complete evaluation of a case of squint may be a specialised examination

iii. Size of eyeball.

Obvious abnormalities within the size of eyeball are often detected clinically. However, precise measurement of size can only be made by ultrasonography (A-scan).

The dimensions of eyeball is increased in conditions like buphthalmos and unilateral high myopia. The causes of small-sized eyeball are: congenital microphthalmos, phthisis

bulbi, and atrophic bulbi.

iv. Movements of eyeball

should be tested uniocularly (ductions) also as binocularly (versions) altogether the six cardinal directions of gaze

Slit lamp examination

Extraocular muscles

eye Examination

Examination of eyeball as an entire