CLINICAL ORTHOPTICS FREE PDF BOOKS
1. Extraocular Muscle Anatomy and Innervation
• Muscle pulleys
• Ocular muscles
• Innervation
• Associated cranial nerves
• References
• Further reading
2. Binocular Single Vision
• Worth’s classification
• Development
• Retinal correspondence
• Physiology of stereopsis
• Fusion
• Retinal rivalry
• Suppression
• Diplopia
• References
• Further reading
3. Ocular Motility
• Saccadic system
• Smooth pursuit system
•Vergence system
• Vestibular-ocular response and optokinetic response
• Brainstem control
• Muscle sequelae
• Past-pointing
• Bell’s phenomenon
• References
• Further reading
4. Orthoptic Investigative Procedures
• Visual acuity
• Cover test
• Ocular motility
• Accommodation and convergence
• Retinal correspondence
• Fusion
• Stereopsis
• Suppression
• Synoptophore
• Aniseikonia
• Fixation
• Measurement of deviations
• Hess charts
• Field of binocular single vision
• Uniocular field of vision
• Measurement of torsion
• Parks-Helveston three-step test
• Diplopia charts
• Bielchowsky phenomenon (dark wedge test)
• Forced duction test
• Forced generation test
• Orthoptic exercises
• References
• Further reading
SECTION II
5. Heterophoria
• Classification
• Aetiology
• Causes of decompensation
• Esophoria
• Exophoria
• Hyperphoria/ hypophoria
• Alternating hyperphoria
• Alternating hypophoria
• Cyclophoria
• Incomitant heterophoria
• Hemifield slide
• Investigation of heterophoria
• Management
• References
• Further reading
6. Heterotropia
• Esotropia
• Factors necessary for development of binocular single vision
• Constant esotropia with an accommodative element
• Constant esotropia without an accommodative element
• Accommodative esotropia 146
• Relating to fixation distance
• Exotropia
• Hypertropia
• Hypotropia
• Cyclotropia
• Dissociated vertical deviation
• Dissociated horizontal deviation
• Quality of life
• Pseudostrabismus
• References
• Further reading
7. Microtropia
• Terminology
• Classification
• Investigation
• Management
• References
• Further reading
8. Amblyopia and Visual Impairment
• Classification
• Aetiology
• Investigation
• Management
• Eccentric fixation
• Cerebral visual impairment
• Delayed visual maturation
• PHACE syndrome
• References
• Further reading
9. Aphakia
• Methods of correction
• Investigation
• Problems with unilateral aphakia
• Management
• References
• Further reading
SECTION III
10. Incomitant Strabismus
• Aetiology
• Aid to diagnosis
• Diplopia
• Abnormal head posture
• References
• Further reading
11. A and V Pattern
• Classification
• Aetiology
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