II. CLINICAL OPTICS
1. Snellen’s Visual Acuity
2. Pinhole Occluder
3. Refractive Error
• Emmetropia
• Ammetropia
a. Myopia
b. Hypermetropia
c. Astigmatism
Circle of Least Diffusion/Confusion
Spherical Equivalent
4. Accommodation
5. Presbyopia
6. Anisometropia And Anisekonia
7. Aphakia
8. Pseudophakia
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III. RETINOSCOPY
1. Retinal Reflex
2 Correcting Lens
3. Finding Cylindrical Axis And Power
4. Practical Aspects
5. How To Plot Retinoscopy
• Oblique Axis
• Range Of Neutralization.
6. Autorefractometry
IV. SPECTACLE PRESCRIPTION
1. Autorefractometry
• Correct AR
• Variable AR readings
• Variable Spectacle Power
• Cycloplegic AR
2. Subjective Testing (ST): Basics
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a. At Different Distances
• Distance ST
• Near ST
• Intermediate ST
b. Transposition
c. Astigmatism
• Range of Axis
• Matching of Axis
• Use of Jackson Cross-Cylinder
d. Fogging
e. Bilateral Testing
f. Equalizing the Accommodative Effort
g. Compare with Old Spectacles
3. Subjective Testing: Case Scenarios
a. Children/Pediatric Age
• Spasm Of Accommodation
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b. Teenager & Young Adults (13-45 years)
• Computer Vision Syndrome
• Therapeutic Trial of Glasses
• Over-Refraction
c. Peripresbyopic age (35-50 years)
d. Middle Age (50-70 years)
• Role of Vertex Distance
e. Old Age (> 70 years)
Spherical Equivalent