Spectacle Prescription free download optometry ebook pdf for beginner students

 
Spectacle  Prescription free download optometrist and ophthalmologist books

II. CLINICAL OPTICS 

1. Snellen’s Visual Acuity 

2. Pinhole Occluder 

3. Refractive Error  

 • Emmetropia 

 • Ammetropia 

 a. Myopia 

 b. Hypermetropia 

 c. Astigmatism 

Circle of Least Diffusion/Confusion 

 Spherical Equivalent 

4. Accommodation  

5. Presbyopia 

6. Anisometropia And Anisekonia  

7. Aphakia  

8. Pseudophakia 

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III. RETINOSCOPY 

1. Retinal Reflex 

2 Correcting Lens 

3. Finding Cylindrical Axis And Power 

4. Practical Aspects 

5. How To Plot Retinoscopy 

 • Oblique Axis 

 • Range Of Neutralization.

6. Autorefractometry 

IV. SPECTACLE PRESCRIPTION 

1. Autorefractometry 

 • Correct AR

 • Variable AR readings

 • Variable Spectacle Power

 • Cycloplegic AR

2. Subjective Testing (ST): Basics 

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a. At Different Distances

 • Distance ST

 • Near ST

 • Intermediate ST

 b. Transposition

 c. Astigmatism

 • Range of Axis

 • Matching of Axis

 • Use of Jackson Cross-Cylinder

 d. Fogging

 e. Bilateral Testing

 f. Equalizing the Accommodative Effort

 g. Compare with Old Spectacles

3. Subjective Testing: Case Scenarios 

 a. Children/Pediatric Age

 • Spasm Of Accommodation

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 b. Teenager & Young Adults (13-45 years)

 • Computer Vision Syndrome

 • Therapeutic Trial of Glasses

 • Over-Refraction

 c. Peripresbyopic age (35-50 years)

 d. Middle Age (50-70 years)

 • Role of Vertex Distance

 e. Old Age (> 70 years)

 Spherical Equivalent

V. CONCLUDING REMARKS 




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